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Prostate Cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

This cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. This specific type of cancer grows slowly and is confined to the prostate gland, where it may not cause serious harm. However, while some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or even no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly.

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Prostate cancer

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Prostate Cancer

Treatment for prostate cancer will depend on your individual circumstances. For many people with this type of cancer, no treatment will be necessary.

When treatment is required, the objective is to either cure or manage the disease, minimizing its impact on daily life and avoiding a reduction in life expectancy. In cases where the cancer has already spread, the goal may shift towards extending life and delaying symptoms. The decision on the most suitable treatment considers factors such as the type and size of the cancer, its grade, your overall health, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body.

A designated team of doctors will provide recommendations for the best treatment options, but the final decision rests with you.

Prostate Cancer Staging:

To determine the stage of cancer, doctors analyze results from prostate examinations, biopsies, and scans. The cancer’s stage dictates the necessary types of treatments. Early-stage  cancer typically has favorable survival rates.

Surgically Removing the Prostate Gland (Radical Prostatectomy):

Radical prostatectomy involves surgically removing the prostate gland and is a viable option for curing localized this cancer. Risks include urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Although prostate cancer may recur, studies suggest that post-surgery radiotherapy may enhance the chances of a cure.

Radiotherapy:

Utilizing radiation to eliminate cancer cells, radiotherapy is suitable for localized prostate cancer or cases where the cancer has not spread significantly. It can also manage symptoms in advanced cases. Short-term side effects may include discomfort, diarrhea, hair loss, fatigue, and bladder inflammation. Long-term effects may include erectile dysfunction and back passage issues.

Brachytherapy, High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), and Cryotherapy:

These newer treatments may be considered if radiotherapy proves ineffective. While having fewer side effects, their long-term outcomes are still uncertain. Brachytherapy involves delivering radiation inside the prostate, HIFU uses high-frequency sound waves to destroy cancer cells, and cryotherapy kills cancer cells by freezing them.

Hormone Therapy:

Often combined with radiotherapy, hormone therapy aims to block testosterone effects, as prostate cancer requires testosterone for growth. It may precede or follow radiotherapy, and side effects include reduced sex drive, erectile dysfunction, hot flushes, sweating, weight gain, and breast tenderness. An alternative involves surgically removing the testicles.

Trans-Urethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP):

TURP can alleviate urinary symptoms but does not cure cancer. During this procedure, parts of the prostate are removed.

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU):

TURP can alleviate urinary symptoms but does not cure cancer. During this procedure, parts of the prostate are removed.

Cryotherapy:

Freezing cancer cells, cryotherapy is used for localized prostate cancer, with potential side effects such as erectile dysfunction and incontinence. Its long-term effectiveness is also being studied.

Treating Advanced Prostate Cancer:

In advanced stages where a cure is not possible, treatments aim to slow progression, prolong life, and alleviate symptoms. Options include radiotherapy, hormone treatment, and chemotherapy. Bisphosphonates may be used if the cancer has spread to bones.

Chemotherapy:

For metastatic prostate cancer, chemotherapy interferes with cancer cell multiplication, aiming to control the disease and reduce symptoms. Side effects include infections, fatigue, hair loss, sore mouth, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting.

Steroids:

In castration-resistant prostate cancer, steroids like dexamethasone may be used to shrink tumors and impede growth when hormone therapy is ineffective.

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