Kidney Cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the kidney. The most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), accounting for about 90% of all cases. Usually only one kidney is affected, but in rare cases the cancer may develop in both kidneys.
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The treatment for kidney cancer depends on the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
The primary treatment options for kidney cancer include:
This involves the removal of part or the entirety of the affected kidney. This is often the primary treatment for kidney cancer. There are two main types of surgical procedures: partial nephrectomy (removing the part containing the cancer) and radical nephrectomy (removing the entire kidney). Living with only one kidney is feasible, as the remaining kidney can compensate for the removed one. Surgery can be performed through open surgery or laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery, with laparoscopic surgery typically offering a faster recovery.
These treatments destroy cancer cells either by freezing them (cryotherapy) or heating them (radiofrequency ablation). These techniques may be recommended in specific situations, such as preserving kidney function or for small tumors. Both methods are available in specialized centers, and the choice between them depends on factors discussed with your surgeon. Possible side effects include bleeding around the kidney and damage to the ureter.
For advanced cases, targeted therapies or biological therapies may be suggested. These medications, taken daily, impede the growth and spread of cancer cells. Various biological therapies, such as sunitinib, pazopanib, cabozantinib, tivozanib, and nivolumab, may be prescribed alone or in combination. Side effects differ based on the specific medicine and can include nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, hypertension, rash, fatigue, and infertility.
This procedure involves blocking the blood supply to the tumor, causing it to shrink. Embolization is considered for individuals with advanced kidney cancer who are not suitable candidates for kidney removal surgery. A catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin, guided to the tumor’s blood vessel, and a substance is injected to block the blood vessel.
While radiotherapy cannot usually cure kidney cancer, it can slow down its spread and help manage symptoms. It may be recommended for advanced cases that have spread to other body parts, such as bones or the brain. Radiotherapy employs beams of radiation directed at cancer cells using a large machine over several weeks. Side effects may include tiredness, nausea, diarrhea, and reddening of the skin in the treated area.
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