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Category: cancer treatment

8 May 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Can IVF Cause Cancer?

Can IVF Cause Cancer? is among the issues for People who are experiencing trouble getting pregnant and should think about fertility treatments such as IVF as a possible solution. Ovulation is stimulated by a class of treatments called fertility medications. These medications can be used alone or in combination with other in vitro fertilization procedures to treat infertility (IVF). it involves the laboratory fertilization of an egg and sperm, followed by uterine transfer. Fertility medications assist the ovaries in producing and maturing eggs as well as timing their release.

Drugs for infertility are either hormones themselves or have the ability to improve the function of a person’s hormones. Some people may be concerned about how reproductive treatments can influence their risk of developing certain cancers because hormones can encourage the growth of some tumors. Before further information is given, it should be mentioned that by deciding to have IVF in Iran with Happy Green Life our doctors will give you a consultation and take care of everything.

About fertility drugs' safety for women who have cancer

According to a 2015 and 2016 study, women with a genetic risk for cancer, such as those with a hereditary BRCA mutation, do not have a higher risk for ovarian cancer after fertility treatments like IVF. Some cancer-stricken female patients may also take medications to suppress estrogen or maintain it at a precise level while receiving fertility therapies, which can increase estrogen and other hormone levels. According to Mitchell Rosen, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist at the University of California San Francisco Center for Reproductive Health, women shouldn’t be anxious about receiving [fertility] treatment even if they are already battling cancer. Before beginning fertility treatments, it is still crucial for people to discuss their risks with their medical team.

Interference of cancer treatment

If you have cancer and are concerned that your treatment may interfere with your ability to conceive, talk to our medical team at Happy Green Life about making an appointment to see our fertility specialist to learn more about your choices. This may help you find your answer to this question: Can IVF Cause Cancer?

Keep in mind that it’s crucial to inquire about the side effects and potential long-term hazards of any new treatment like IVF in Iran before beginning it. Based on your unique health and goals, your medical team can assist you in choosing the course of action that is best for you.

Fertility drugs and cancer risk, Can IVF Cause Cancer?

It makes sense that some people worry that using reproductive medications or IVF will make them more likely to develop cancer. Fertility medications contain hormones that alter the amounts of hormones in your body, including estrogen. They can result in several ovulations during a single menstrual cycle, and ovarian cancer risk has occasionally been linked to a longer lifetime of ovulations. In addition, some people worry that estrogen-containing fertility medicines may raise the risk of developing certain malignancies, such as some types of breast, ovarian, and uterine cancer, which depend on the hormone estrogen for growth.

ASRM guideline

The existing body of evidence does not reveal a positive answer to Can IVF Cause Cancer? support the notion that using fertility medications or IVF increases the chance of developing cancer. As stated in the ASRM recommendations above:

• People can be relatively comfortable knowing that there hasn’t been any discernible rise in the risk of invasive ovarian cancer linked to the use of fertility medications by infertile women, and the risk isn’t different for each therapy.

• There is adequate proof that fertility medicines do not increase your chance of developing uterine or breast cancer.

IVF and breast cancer risk

Female steroids significantly impact the invasive malignancy known as female breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women globally, especially in middle-aged and older women, with a new case rate of 128.5 per 100,000 women per year. The effectiveness of medicines and advancements in screening has reduced breast cancer mortality. Breast cancer can be caused by a number of known and suspected causes, including lifestyle choices, age, race, location, and exposure to ionizing radiation.

IVF breast cancer risk

Progesterone and estrogen sensitivity can occur in some breast cancers. People are worried that reproductive medicines might make these tumors more likely. The growth of a patient’s hormone-sensitive breast cancer would occur during periods of high estrogen or progesterone (IVF treatment intervals or pregnancy); however, studies have not revealed a rise in the number of new breast cancer diagnoses.

Ovarian cancer risk

A Cochrane review provides the most convincing evidence that using Clomid and other ovarian-stimulating medications will not increase your risk of developing ovarian cancer. Four studies from 1990 to February 2013 were reviewed. Together, the studies included 182,972 women in them.

The analysis concluded that studies that did reveal a higher risk of cancer were unreliable because they either neglected to account for the risk of infertility itself or used too small a sample size to draw any meaningful conclusions. By choosing the right medical team for IVF in Iran, you can reduce the different risks associated with your procedure. At Happy Green Life, we arrange everything from the beginning for you, like getting a visa, arranging a hotel, or your appointments with the most experienced specialists.

During the oocyte maturation phase

HCG or other drugs are administered to aid in the egg’s maturation during the oocyte maturation phase when the follicles are prepared for egg retrieval. An estimated 40% of women who underwent IVF and received more than six cycles of HCG or HMG are at risk for breast cancer, particularly those who have a strong family history of the disease. The peptide hormone HCG is present in both the female and male sexes, biologically.

It is created specifically by the embryo during pregnancy and has a significant impact on both pregnancy and tumor stimulation when estrogen and estrogen response components (ERC) are present. Because malignant breast cancer cells produce HCG, particularly its -subunit, and have a high concentration of HCG receptors, it can be used as a tumor marker in breast cancer. In other words, raising the amount of this chemical in the body can accelerate the growth of cancer cells in the absence of pregnancy.

Duration and dose effects

It is noteworthy that the dosage and frequency of drug use are thought to have an overall effect on breast cancer. Women who had an average of more than three cycles were exposed to medications for more than a year and were unable to get pregnant had the highest incidence of cancer. The effects of these medications on breast cancer have been better studied in studies with longer follow-up periods. For instance, the possible effect of clomiphene citrate on breast cancer has been mentioned among cohort studies in research with more than 10 years of follow-up.

More information better to know

The general agreement is that using fertility medications or IVF won’t make you more likely to get uterine or breast cancer. Additionally, several studies have examined the relationship between the use of reproductive drugs and various diseases (such as thyroid and skin cancers), but they have not shown any conclusive evidence of elevated risk.
It’s also vital to keep in mind that fertility treatment technology is evolving. Nowadays, drug dosages are lower than in the early stages of treatment, and much of the research on cancer and fertility treatment involves women who were given harsh treatments in the 1980s.

Conclusion

In this blog, all the necessary information about the risk of cancer through IVF is provided, and after reading it, you can easily take the necessary measures. If you choose Iran for IVF and Happy Green Life, you will also get the best results. We make an effort to comprehend your needs and provide the best services for your medical visit to Iran. We thoroughly assess your medical situation and recommend a unique combination of hospitals, clinics, and top surgeons.

Online patient services (quotes and consultations). Planning hospitals and clinics that will meet the highest standards in the world (for all treatments and budgets). selecting highly skilled medical professionals who have had worldwide training (most doctors and surgeons have more than 10 years of experience with international degrees). Airport pickup, preoperative examinations, round-the-clock assistance, and lodging arrangements (for patients and their families). High-quality healthcare services for both inpatient stays and outpatient visits.

FAQ

What should I do for fertility treatments if I have cancer? Talk to your doctor if you have cancer and are concerned that your treatment may interfere with your ability to conceive.
Who has a higher incidence of cancer? Women who had an average of more than three cycles were exposed to medications for more than a year and were unable to get pregnant had the highest incidence of cancer
Do fertility drugs increase the risk of breast cancer? fertility medicines do not enhance your chance of developing uterine or breast cancer

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6 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system and it can be indolent or aggressive. Older age, being male, and having a weakened immune system can increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Signs and symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Tests that examine the lymph system and other parts of the body are used to diagnose and stage non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that forms in the lymph system. The lymph system is part of the immune system. It helps protect the body from infection and disease.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is usually treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, although some people may not need treatment straight away.

In some instances, if the initial cancer is very small and can be removed during a biopsy, further treatment may not be necessary.

Watch-and-Wait Approach:

For low-grade (slow developing) non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a “watch and wait” strategy is often advised, especially when the patient is in good health. This approach acknowledges that some individuals take many years to develop troublesome symptoms, and an immediate start to treatment is often deemed unnecessary. Under the watch-and-wait plan, regular reviews are conducted, and patients are encouraged to return if their symptoms worsen.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy, a widely employed non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment, employs medicines to eliminate cancer cells. It can be administered independently, in combination with biological therapy, or alongside radiotherapy. The method of administration varies based on the cancer stage, typically delivered intravenously through a drip, orally as tablets, or a combination of both. In cases where there is a risk of cancer spreading to the brain, chemotherapy injections into the cerebrospinal fluid around the spine may be employed.

While usually an outpatient treatment over several months, more extended hospital stays may be required during challenging periods of symptoms or treatment side effects. Notably, chemotherapy can affect bone marrow, potentially leading to fatigue, breathlessness, increased susceptibility to infection, and easy bleeding or bruising. Growth factor medicines may be used to stimulate blood cell production. Other side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, mouth ulcers, tiredness, skin rashes, hair loss, and potential infertility.

High-Dose Chemotherapy:

If initial treatment fails (refractory lymphoma), high-dose chemotherapy may be considered, necessitating a stem cell or bone marrow transplant to replace damaged bone marrow.

Radiotherapy:

Radiotherapy is commonly used for early-stage non-Hodgkin lymphoma, administered over short daily sessions for up to three weeks. While generally painless, it can lead to temporary side effects, including sore throat, hair loss, skin reactions, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and loss of appetite. Long-term risks may include infertility and permanently darkened skin in the treatment area.

Monoclonal Antibody Therapy:

Certain non-Hodgkin lymphomas may be treated with monoclonal antibodies, which target both healthy and cancerous cells, signaling the immune system to attack and eliminate them. Side effects, such as tiredness, nausea, night sweats, rash, and abdominal pain, can be managed, and these treatments may extend for up to two years after initial therapy.

Steroid Medicine:

Steroid medicine is commonly combined with chemotherapy to enhance effectiveness. Administered as tablets or injections concurrently with chemotherapy cycles, short-term side effects may include increased appetite, indigestion, sleeping problems, and agitation. Long-term use could lead to high blood pressure, weight gain, and swelling, but these side effects typically improve post-treatment.

Follow-Up:

Upon completion of treatment, a repeat scan may assess treatment efficacy, followed by regular follow-up appointments to monitor recovery and detect potential cancer relapse. The frequency of appointments diminishes over time.

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6 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal Cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus.

The esophagus is the hollow, muscular tube that moves food and liquid from the throat to the stomach. The wall of the esophagus is made up of several layers of tissue, including mucous membrane, muscle, and connective tissue. Esophageal cancer starts on the inside lining of the esophagus and spreads outward through the other layers as it grows.

Esophageal cancer, though challenging to treat, is often manageable. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the cancer’s size, type, location, extent of spread, and your overall health. Treatment modalities may encompass surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

The dedicated care team overseeing your treatment will:

– Explain the different treatments, their benefits, and potential side effects.

– Collaborate with you to develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to your specific needs.

– Assist in managing any side effects, including dietary adjustments.

Regular check-ups, along with tests and scans, will be conducted during and after your treatment.

Surgery:

For early-stage esophageal cancer that has not metastasized, surgery may be an option. This typically involves the removal of part or, in rare cases, most of the esophagus. Additionally, portions of adjacent organs, such as the upper stomach, may need removal.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy utilizes medications to target and eliminate cancer cells. It may be administered:

– Before surgery to shrink the cancer.

– After surgery to eradicate any remaining cancer and prevent recurrence.

– Concurrently with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) for early-stage cancer or when surgery is not feasible.

– To manage and improve symptoms in advanced cancer.

Radiotherapy:

Radiotherapy employs high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. It may be employed:

– Alongside chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) to treat early-stage cancer.

– To alleviate symptoms and enhance quality of life in advanced cancer.

Targeted Medicines and Immunotherapy:

Targeted medicines and immunotherapy are designed to impede cancer growth. These treatments may be considered:

– If the cancer has metastasized.

– When a cure is not achievable.

– To reduce the risk of cancer recurrence after surgical removal.

Treatment for Incurable Cancer:

In cases of advanced esophageal cancer where a cure is not feasible, the primary objective shifts to managing symptoms and prolonging life. The challenging news of an incurable condition will prompt referral to a specialized palliative care or symptom control team. This team collaborates with you to effectively manage symptoms, enhance comfort, and provide support during this difficult phase.

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4 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Brain Tumor

A malignant Brain Tumour is a fast-growing cancer that spreads to other areas of the brain and spine.

Generally, brain tumours are graded from 1 to 4, according to their behaviour, such as how fast they grow and how likely they are to grow back after treatment. A malignant brain tumour is either grade 3 or 4, whereas grade 1 or 2 tumours are usually classed as benign or non-cancerous.

Most malignant tumours are secondary cancers, which means they started in another part of the body and spread to the brain. Primary brain tumours are those that started in the brain.

These pages focus on high-grade brain tumours. For information about grade 1 or 2 tumours, read our pages on low-grade (benign) brain tumours.

Malignant Brain Tumor

Treatment for a brain tumor aims to remove as much of it as possible and try to stop it coming back.

The primary interventions include:

Surgery:

This involves removing a small portion of the skull, excising the tumor, and subsequently reattaching the skull piece.

Radiotherapy:

Utilizing external radiation, this method is employed post-surgery to eliminate cancer cells.

Chemotherapy:

Medications are used to eradicate cancer cells post-surgery or to alleviate symptoms if complete tumor removal isn’t possible.

Radiosurgery:

This involves directing numerous small radiation beams at the cancer to eliminate it when surgery is not viable.

Recovery and After Effects:

Following treatment, some enduring issues may arise, such as seizures, difficulties in walking, and speech problems. Occupational therapy and physiotherapy may be necessary for recovery or adaptation to these challenges. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including smoking cessation, maintaining a nutritious diet, and regular exercise, is crucial to minimizing the risk of stroke. Gradual return to normal activities is possible during recovery, though certain activities, such as contact sports, might need to be avoided permanently.

Side Effects of Treatment:

Individuals who undergo brain tumor treatment may experience delayed side effects, such as cataracts, epilepsy, cognitive issues (thinking, memory, language, or judgment), and, rarely, stroke, months or years post-treatment.

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4 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid Cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are common but usually are not cancer. There are different types of thyroid cancer and age, gender, and being exposed to radiation can affect the risk of thyroid cancer. Medullary thyroid cancer is sometimes caused by a change in a gene that is passed from parent to child. The signs of this cancer include a swelling or lump in the neck and it can be diagnosed through tests that examine the thyroid, neck, and blood. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Your Treatment Plan:

A dedicated team will recommend the optimal treatment based on your thyroid cancer type. For instance:

– Papillary and follicular carcinomas may be treated with surgery followed by radioactive iodine.

– Medullary thyroid carcinoma often involves surgery followed by radiotherapy.

– Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma may not be amenable to surgery, but symptoms can be managed with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Surgery:

Surgery is typically the initial treatment for most thyroid cancer types, involving the removal of part or the entire thyroid, along with nearby lymph glands. The procedure is conducted under general anesthesia, and most individuals can leave the hospital within a few days, with a small neck scar that diminishes over time.

Radioactive Iodine Treatment:

Following surgery, a course of radioactive iodine treatment is often recommended to eliminate residual cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. Dietary modifications, such as reducing iodine intake, are advised for a more effective treatment. Women are advised to avoid pregnancy for at least 6 months after treatment.

Targeted Therapies:

Targeted therapies like Cabozantinib, Lenvatinib, and Sorafenib are increasingly utilized to specifically target cancer cells, minimizing harm to healthy cells. These may be recommended for metastatic thyroid cancer unresponsive to radioactive iodine.

External Radiotherapy:

If radioactive iodine is unsuitable or ineffective, external radiotherapy may be employed post-surgery to decrease the risk of cancer recurrence. It can also control symptoms of advanced thyroid carcinomas. Treatment typically spans 4 to 6 weeks, with side effects like nausea, tiredness, pain when swallowing, and dry mouth, which usually subside after treatment.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is infrequently used for thyroid cancer but may be considered for anaplastic thyroid carcinomas that have spread. While not curative, it can help manage symptoms.

Follow-Up Tests:

Regular check-ups are imperative to monitor potential recurrence. Tests may include blood tests, ultrasound scans to examine the neck, and radioisotope scans highlighting cancerous thyroid cells. The frequency of these tests may decrease over time, but repeat treatment might be necessary if cancer recurs.

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4 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Laryngeal Cancer

Laryngeal Cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx. Use of tobacco products and drinking too much alcohol can affect the risk of laryngeal cancer.
Signs and symptoms of laryngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain.
Tests that examine the throat and neck are used to help diagnose and stage laryngeal cancer. Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The larynx is a part of the throat, between the base of the tongue and the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and make sound when air is directed against them. The sound echoes through the pharynx, mouth, and nose to make a person’s voice.

Laryngeal cancer treatment

The treatment approach for laryngeal cancer is primarily determined by the size of the cancerous growth. Key treatment modalities include radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted cancer medications. While a dedicated cancer team will propose a recommended treatment plan based on their expertise, the ultimate decision rests with you.

Your Treatment Plan:

The recommended treatment plan hinges on the cancer stage. For early-stage laryngeal cancer, options such as surgery (endoscopic resection) or radiotherapy alone may suffice. Larger cancers may necessitate a combination of surgery and radiotherapy. Advanced stages may require more extensive surgery, potentially involving the removal of the entire larynx. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy, possibly supplemented with a targeted cancer medicine like cetuximab, may be employed in later-stage cases.

Radiotherapy:

Radiotherapy utilizes controlled high-energy radiation to eliminate cancerous cells. It can be administered alone for early-stage cases or post-surgery to prevent cancer recurrence. The precision of the radiation beams requires a specially crafted plastic mask to ensure accurate targeting. Side effects may include sore skin, mouth ulcers, dry mouth, taste loss, appetite loss, tiredness, and nausea. Monitoring and management of side effects by your doctor are essential.

Surgery:

Three types of surgery may be employed: endoscopic resection, partial laryngectomy, and total laryngectomy. Endoscopic resection is suitable for early-stage cancer, while partial laryngectomy involves the surgical removal of the affected part of the larynx, preserving some vocal cords. Total laryngectomy is reserved for advanced cases, involving the removal of the entire larynx. Each surgery comes with its own set of considerations and potential side effects.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy, using potent medicines to damage cancer cell DNA, may precede surgery or radiotherapy or be used concurrently to enhance radiotherapy effectiveness. It can also be employed for advanced or recurrent laryngeal cancer. Side effects may include nausea, hair loss, appetite loss, diarrhea, sore mouth, and fatigue.

Cetuximab:

Cetuximab, a targeted cancer medicine, may complement radiotherapy, especially when chemotherapy is unsuitable. Given intravenously, it may cause side effects such as rashes, nausea, diarrhea, and shortness of breath. Close monitoring is necessary due to the potential for allergic reactions.

Immunotherapy:

A checkpoint inhibitor, a type of immunotherapy, stimulates the immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. Side effects may include skin reactions like rashes.

Recovery:

Post-laryngectomy, recovery involves intensive care, temporary feeding through a tube, and potential difficulties in communication. Various methods, including voice prostheses, esophageal speech, and electrolarynx, can aid in restoring or learning alternative means of communication.

Swallowing After Treatment:

Throat soreness and difficulty swallowing are common after laryngeal cancer treatment. Food may need to be administered through a tube, and dietary adjustments may be necessary during the recovery phase.

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3 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Bowel cancer

Bowel Cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, develops from the inner lining of the bowel and is usually preceded by growths called polyps, which may become invasive cancer if undetected. Depending on where the cancer begins, bowel cancer may be called colon or rectal cancer.

It is estimated that more than 15,300 people were diagnosed with bowel cancer in 2023. The average age at diagnosis is 69 years old.

Bowel cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia, and it is estimated that one in 20 people will be diagnosed by the time they are 85.

Treatment for bowel cancer will depend on which part of your bowel is affected and how far the cancer has spread.

Surgery typically serves as the primary intervention for bowel cancer and may be complemented by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or biological treatments based on individual cases. Early detection allows for effective treatment, potentially curing and preventing the recurrence of bowel cancer. However, complete cure is not always achievable, particularly in advanced cases where complete surgical removal is challenging. In such instances, a combination of treatments can control symptoms and slow cancer spread.

Factors Influencing Treatment Decision:

Your care team considers various factors when determining the most suitable treatment, including cancer type, size, overall health, metastasis, and cancer aggressiveness.

Surgery for Colon Cancer:

For early-stage colon cancer, a local excision may suffice. If the cancer extends into surrounding muscles, a colectomy, involving the removal of a colon section, is often necessary. Open colectomy, laparoscopic colectomy, and robotic surgery are the three approaches, each with its advantages. Laparoscopic and robotic surgeries offer quicker recovery and less postoperative pain.

Surgery for Rectal Cancer:

Depending on the cancer’s spread, surgeries for rectal cancer vary. Local resection may be performed for small early-stage cancers. However, total mesenteric excision (TME) is more common, involving the removal of a larger rectal area. Stoma surgery might be considered to divert fecal matter temporarily for healing. Side effects, permanency, and alternatives are discussed with patients before surgery.

Side Effects of Surgery:

Bowel cancer operations entail standard risks such as bleeding, infection, blood clots, and potential heart or breathing issues.

Radiotherapy:

Radiotherapy plays various roles in bowel cancer treatment, including shrinking rectal cancers before surgery, replacing surgery for early-stage rectal cancer, and providing palliative care for advanced cases. External and internal (brachytherapy) radiotherapy sessions may cause short-term side effects like nausea, fatigue, and skin irritation, while long-term effects may include changes in bowel habits, blood in urine and feces, infertility, and erectile dysfunction.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is employed before surgery to shrink tumors, after surgery to reduce recurrence risk, and palliatively for advanced cases. Medicines killing cancer cells can be administered orally, intravenously, or through a combination. Cycles lasting 2-3 weeks may continue for up to 6 months, and side effects include fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, mouth ulcers, and, infrequently, hair loss.

Targeted Therapies:

Medicines like cetuximab and panitumumab target biological processes in bowel cancer cells, enhancing chemotherapy effects. They are used alongside chemotherapy for metastatic bowel cancer. Side effects may include skin rash, diarrhea, and sore eyes, with potential allergic reactions managed with anti-allergy medications.

In all treatments, the care team carefully weighs benefits against potential side effects, and discussions with patients help tailor the approach to individual needs and circumstances.

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3 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Breast cancer and it’s 6 top treatment

Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. This type of cancer can occur in both men and women, but it’s far more common in women. Substantial support for breast cancer awareness and research funding has helped create advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this cancer type.

Breast Cancer

The primary treatments for breast cancer encompass surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. Treatment choices, whether singular or combined, are determined based on the cancer diagnosis method and its stage. This cancer type identified through routine screening may be at an early stage, while symptomatic cases might be at a later stage, necessitating distinct treatments.

Treatment Decision Factors:

Your healthcare team considers the cancer stage, grade, your overall health, and menopausal status when determining the most appropriate treatment plan. Open communication with your care team allows for questions and discussions about your treatment.

Overview of Treatments:

Surgery usually initiates breast cancer treatment, with the specific type depending on the cancer subtype. Following surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapies may be recommended based on the cancer type. The sequencing of treatments is personalized for each patient.

Secondary Breast Cancer:

For cases where this type of cancer has metastasized, treatment aims for remission rather than a cure. The focus is on shrinking tumors, relieving symptoms, and improving the quality of life.

Surgery:

Two main types of breast surgery include breast-conserving surgery (removing the tumor) and mastectomy (removing the entire breast). Mastectomy may be followed by reconstructive surgery. Studies suggest breast-conserving surgery with radiotherapy is as effective as total mastectomy for early-stage cancer.

Radiotherapy:

Controlled radiation doses target residual cancer cells after surgery and chemotherapy. Different types of radiotherapy, including breast, chest-wall, breast boost, and lymph nodes, may be employed based on the cancer type and surgical approach.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy, involving cytotoxic medicines, is administered after surgery (adjuvant) or before surgery (neo-adjuvant) to shrink tumors. Treatment cycles, lasting 2-4 weeks with breaks, aim to destroy cancer cells. Side effects include infections, fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and hormonal changes.

Hormone Treatment:

For hormone receptor-positive cancers, hormone therapy lowers estrogen or progesterone levels. Medications like Tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors are used, often post-surgery and chemotherapy. Treatment duration may extend for 5 years or more.

Targeted Therapies:

Medicines like trastuzumab (herceptin) alter cellular activity, impeding cancer growth. Side effects include shivering, diarrhea, nausea, headache, and skin rash.

Risk of Infection:

Certain cancer medications may increase infection susceptibility. Immediate contact with the care team is crucial if symptoms like a high temperature or sudden illness occur.

Bisphosphonates:

Postmenopausal women may be offered bisphosphonates concurrently with chemotherapy to reduce the risk of cancer spread to bones. Possible side effects include kidney problems and jaw osteonecrosis.

Complementary Therapies:

Breathing exercises, massage, aromatherapy, and acupuncture are complementary therapies that support physical and emotional well-being. These can be integrated alongside conventional treatments with guidance from healthcare professionals. It is essential to consult with your breast cancer specialist nurse before trying any complementary therapy to ensure compatibility with conventional treatment.

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3 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Cervical cancer with 4 cures to it

Cervical Cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix. The most common cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, accounting for 70% of cases. Adenocarcinoma is less common (about 25% of cases) and more difficult to diagnose because it starts higher in the cervix.

It is estimated that more than 900 people were diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2023. The average age at diagnosis is 50 years old.

The incidence of cervical cancer has significantly decreased since the National Cervical Screening Program began in 1991 and a national Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine program was introduced in 2007.

Cervical cancer is frequently manageable, and the specific treatment plan depends on various factors such as the size and type of the cancer, its location, whether it has spread, and your overall health. Typically, the treatment involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, and in some cases, targeted medicines may be used.

Regular Check-ups:

Following any treatments, you will undergo regular check-ups, including tests and scans to monitor your condition.

Surgery:

Surgery is often the primary treatment for cervical cancer, particularly if detected early. Various surgical approaches exist, involving the removal of different portions, such as:

– Part of the cervix (feasible for very small cancers)

– The cervix and upper part of the vagina (preserving the womb for potential future pregnancies)

– The cervix and womb (hysterectomy, may include removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes)

– Extensive removal involving cervix, womb, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and parts of bladder, bowel, vagina, or rectum (reserved for cases where cancer has recurred and alternative treatments are not viable). Lymph nodes may also need removal as part of the surgery.

Recovery periods vary based on the type of surgery, and your specialized medical team will provide comprehensive discussions about benefits and potential side effects.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy, which employs medications to eliminate cancer cells, may be administered for cervical cancer in various scenarios, including:

– As the primary treatment combined with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy)

– Before surgery to reduce the size of the cancer

– After surgery, usually in conjunction with radiotherapy to prevent cancer recurrence

– In cases of advanced cancer, recurrence, or spreading to other body parts.

Radiotherapy:

Radiotherapy, using high-energy radiation, is employed for cervical cancer:

– As the primary treatment for large or spreading cancers

– Post-surgery, often combined with chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) to prevent cancer recurrence

– To alleviate symptoms like bleeding. Radiotherapy can be administered externally or internally (brachytherapy).

Treatment with Targeted Medicines:

For advanced or recurrent cervical cancer, treatment with a targeted medicine called bevacizumab (Avastin) may be considered. The aim of this medicine is to reduce the size of the cancer or prevent further growth, not to cure it.

Non-Curable Situations:

In instances where cervical cancer is advanced and challenging to treat, and a cure is not feasible, the focus of treatment shifts to limiting the cancer and its symptoms, with the goal of enhancing the quality of life and extending survival.

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3 February 2024 by misagh 0 Comments

Leukemia and its 4 sub-types

There are many types of Cancer Treatment. The types of treatment that you have will depend on the type of cancer you have and how advanced it is. Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. You may also have immuno-therapy, targeted therapy, or hormone therapy.

Leukemia

Leukemia has essentially 4 subtypes;

CML - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

With modern treatments, it’s often possible to control Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) for many years. In a small number of cases, it may be possible to cure it completely.

Imatinib:

Imatinib is the primary treatment for CML, typically administered promptly after diagnosis to impede cancer progression and prevent it from advancing to a severe stage. This medication reduces the production of abnormal white blood cells and is taken as a daily tablet. The mild side effects, such as nausea, swelling, muscle cramps, rash, and diarrhea, generally improve over time. Regular blood tests and occasional bone marrow tests assess the treatment’s effectiveness, and if successful, imatinib is usually taken lifelong.

Nilotinib:

In cases where imatinib is unsuitable or ineffective, nilotinib may be recommended. Nilotinib, similar to imatinib, is taken as a capsule twice a day. Common side effects include headaches, nausea, abdominal pain, rash, itching, hair loss, muscle pain, and fatigue. Temporary treatment cessation can alleviate troublesome side effects, and if the medication proves effective through blood and bone marrow tests, it is often taken lifelong.

Dasatinib:

If imatinib or nilotinib is not viable or ineffective, dasatinib, a comparable medication, may be suggested. Taken once daily as a tablet, dasatinib may be continued for life based on blood and bone marrow test results. Side effects encompass an increased infection risk, fatigue, shortness of breath, diarrhea, headaches, and rash.

Bosutinib:

For those unable to take or respond to imatinib, nilotinib, or dasatinib, bosutinib may be recommended. This daily tablet, taken for life if effective according to tests, may induce side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and rash.

Ponatinib:

Specifically for individuals with the T315I mutation, ponatinib is a daily tablet taken for life if tests indicate effectiveness. Side effects include an elevated infection risk, tiredness, shortness of breath, headaches, rash, and joint pain.

Combination Therapy:

In certain instances, a combination of these medications might be advised, tailored to individual responses. High-dose imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib could be combined for those unresponsive to normal-dose imatinib.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy may be recommended if other medications are unsuitable or if CML advances. Tablets are typically preferred due to milder side effects, including fatigue and rash. Injections may be considered if symptoms persist, accompanied by more severe effects like nausea, hair loss, and infertility.

Stem Cell or Bone Marrow Transplants:

Reserved for potential cure, transplants involve high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy to eradicate cancerous cells. Stem cells from a closely related donor are transplanted, but this intensive treatment is only suitable for certain individuals, often younger patients in good health with a compatible sibling donor.

It’s important to note that, with advancements like imatinib, stem cell transplants are considered in select cases due to potential risks outweighing benefits, particularly with effective long-term control achievable through medication.

AML - Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is an aggressive cancer that grows quickly, so treatment will usually begin a few days after a diagnosis has been confirmed.
As AML is a complex condition, a team of various specialists, known as a multidisciplinary team (MDT), usually collaborates to provide treatment.

Your Treatment Plan:

Treatment for AML typically consists of two stages:

– Induction: This initial stage focuses on eliminating as many leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow as possible and addressing any associated symptoms.

– Consolidation: Following induction, this stage aims to prevent cancer recurrence by eradicating any remaining leukemia cells in the body.

The success of the induction stage can vary, and it may need to be repeated before consolidation begins. For individuals at high risk of complications, such as those over 75 or with underlying health conditions, less intensive chemotherapy may be considered.

Induction:

The choice of initial AML treatment depends on whether the individual can tolerate intensive chemotherapy or requires a lower-dose treatment.

Intensive Chemotherapy: This involves administering high doses of chemotherapy drugs to kill cancerous cells in the blood and bone marrow. Usually, a combination of two or more chemotherapy drugs is used over two rounds. Treatment is conducted in a hospital or specialized center with close medical supervision. Regular blood transfusions are necessary due to reduced healthy blood cells, and precautions are taken to prevent infections. Side effects are common and include nausea, bleeding, diarrhea, loss of appetite, mouth sores, fatigue, skin rashes, hair loss, and potential infertility.

Non-intensive Chemotherapy: If intensive chemotherapy is deemed unsuitable, an alternative, less intense form of chemotherapy may be recommended. This can be administered through a vein, orally, or by injection under the skin, often on an outpatient basis.

Other Drugs: Individuals with acute promyelocytic leukemia may receive additional drugs alongside chemotherapy, such as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide, each with its set of side effects.

Consolidation:

Following successful induction chemotherapy, consolidation treatment involves regular injections of chemotherapy medication, usually administered in a hospital, lasting several months.

Other Treatments:

– Radiotherapy: High-dose radiation may be used to prepare for a bone marrow or stem cell transplant or to treat advanced cases that have spread to the nervous system or brain. Side effects include hair loss, nausea, and fatigue.

– Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplants: If chemotherapy is ineffective, a transplant may be considered. Before the transplant, the recipient undergoes intensive chemotherapy and possibly radiotherapy to clear bone marrow cells. Donated stem cells are then infused through a blood vessel. Transplant recipients may need to stay in isolation for weeks due to infection risk. Better outcomes are expected if the donor has the same tissue type, typically a sibling.

CLL - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Treatment for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) largely depends how far developed it is when it’s diagnosed.

If detected early, monitoring may be sufficient initially, while more advanced cases of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) often require chemotherapy as the primary treatment. CLL can be effectively controlled for many years with appropriate treatment. The condition may enter remission after the initial treatment, but relapse is common, necessitating additional treatment.

Stages of CLL:

Doctors categorize CLL into three main stages to assess its development and determine the need for treatment:

Stage A: Enlarged lymph glands in fewer than three areas, accompanied by a high white blood cell count.

Stage B: Enlarged lymph glands in three or more areas and a high white blood cell count.

Stage C: Enlarged lymph glands or spleen, high white blood cell count, and low red blood cell or platelet count.

Treatment is typically initiated promptly for Stage B and C CLL, while Stage A may only be treated if it worsens rapidly or starts causing symptoms.

Monitoring Early-Stage CLL:

If diagnosed with CLL without symptoms, treatment may not be necessary due to the slow development of the condition. Regular doctor visits and blood tests are often sufficient for monitoring. Chemotherapy is usually recommended only if symptoms appear or the condition worsens based on test results.

Chemotherapy for More Advanced CLL:

For CLL management, chemotherapy is often necessary, involving a combination of three medicines administered in 28-day treatment cycles. Common medications include fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. While the first two are usually taken at home, rituximab is given intravenously in a hospital setting. Alternative medications may be considered based on individual suitability.

Side Effects of Treatment:

Significant side effects of CLL treatment include persistent tiredness, nausea, infection risk, bruising, anemia, hair loss, irregular heartbeat, and allergic reactions. Most side effects resolve after treatment cessation.

Stem Cell or Bone Marrow Transplants:

Stem cell or bone marrow transplants aim to eliminate CLL entirely or prolong control. The procedure involves high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy to eradicate cancerous cells, followed by transplanting donor stem cells. While this is a potential cure, its intensive nature and associated risks limit its application, especially in older individuals.

Other Treatments for CLL:

Various treatments address complications or offer alternatives to chemotherapy:

Radiotherapy shrinks enlarged lymph glands or a swollen spleen.
Surgery may remove a swollen spleen.
Antibiotics, antifungals, and antiviral medicines reduce infection risk.
Blood transfusions provide additional red blood cells and platelets.
Immunoglobulin replacement therapy prevents infections.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injections boost white blood cell count.

Additional treatments may be required for CLL complications that arise.

ALL - Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia develops quickly, so treatment usually begins a few days after diagnosis.

Stages of treatment

Treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia typically involves three stages:

1- Remission Induction:

– The initial stage aims to eliminate leukemia cells in the bone marrow, restore blood cell balance, and alleviate symptoms.

– Administered in a hospital or specialized center, requiring regular blood transfusions due to insufficient healthy blood cells.

– Vulnerability to infections necessitates a sterile environment, with antibiotics given for infection prevention.

– Methotrexate, a chemotherapy medicine, is used, with injections administered via a central line or into cerebrospinal fluid to target nervous system cells.

– Common chemotherapy side effects include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, mouth ulcers, infertility, and hair loss.

2- Consolidation

– The goal is to eliminate any remaining leukemia cells through regular outpatient injections of chemotherapy medicine.

– Short hospital stays may be necessary for symptom exacerbation or infections during the consolidation phase, which spans several months.

3- Maintenance:

– Ensures leukemia does not return by administering regular chemotherapy doses and monitoring through check-ups.

– Typically extends for about two years.

Other Treatments:

Steroid Therapy: Injections or tablets may complement chemotherapy to enhance effectiveness.

Targeted Therapies: For Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, imatinib is employed, blocking signals causing cancerous cell growth.

Alternative Targeted Therapies: Dasatinib and ponatinib may be considered if the initial treatment is ineffective or in specific leukemia types.

Additional Treatments:

Radiotherapy: High-dose radiation targets cancerous cells, particularly when leukemia has spread to the nervous system or brain or to prepare for a bone marrow transplant. Side effects include hair loss, nausea, and fatigue.

Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplants: An option if chemotherapy proves inadequate. Ideal donors, usually siblings, enhance transplant success. Recent research suggests reduced-intensity transplants for individuals over 40.

Immunotherapy: Medicines like blinatumomab, inotuzumab, and ozogamicin stimulate the immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. Administered through a vein drip, immunotherapy may cause flu-like symptoms, dizziness, bleeding, nausea, and increased susceptibility to infection.

Understanding the stages and varied treatments for acute lymphoblastic leukemia facilitates comprehensive care and management.

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Category: cancer treatment

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